![]() The global population of wild banteng is estimated at between 5,000 and 8,000 ( Pudyatmoko, 2004). The weight of banteng may reach between 600 to 800 kg in males and 590–670 kg in females. During the mating season the male groups disband and dominant males compete for access to receptive females ( Gardner et al., 2016). The composition of other small groups, particularly the unisex groups, usually varies from day to day. The composition of small groups of cows with calves or juveniles and the solitary state of old individuals, may remain the same for months or even years. Solitary animals tend to be mature bulls or sometimes old cows. For much of the year, adult banteng are largely sexually segregated and all-male groups are frequently encountered. Groups of cows without calves are also seen. Maternal herds containing several adult cows, juveniles and calves occur these groups can often contain one or more subadult and adult males. The basic social group appears to be composed of female–juvenile units (as in other large Asian Bovini) with larger groups tending to be more-or-less temporary assemblages. Their lifespan is 11 years in the wild and may reach up to 20–25 years in captivity. The role of captive breeding and reintroduction programs that aim to augment or reestablish wildlife populations has increased dramatically ( Ebenhard, 1995), including the endangered banteng ( Bos javanicus d’ Alton, 1823), into parts of its former natural range ( Armstrong & Seddon, 2008 Moorhouse, Gelling & Macdonald, 2009 Massaro et al., 2018).īanteng of family Bovidae are distributed in Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Borneo (the Malaysian state of Sabah and Indonesian Kalimantan), Java, Bali and Thailand ( Corbett & Hill, 1992). Reintroduction is a restoration program in which animals are translocated to areas within their historic range when the population and habitat of the animal there have decreased ( Conant, 1988). These techniques may be appropriate for translocation programs elsewhere. The results from the present study suggest that camera traps are a practical tool to assess the BCS of reintroduced banteng, and can be used to monitor their condition post-release. The BCS scores in reintroduced adult banteng, both males and females, (between 5 and 7 years old) increased significantly over time after reintroduction into a natural habitat ( p 0.05). The body condition scoring (BCS) obtained from these photographs was used to identify the individual performance of all seven adults after their reintroduction. The seven reintroduced adults and two newborns (from the 2015 group) were captured via camera traps in 2018. Seven banteng were bred at the Khao Nampu Nature and Wildlife Education Center and systematically reintroduced into the Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary in December 2015 (four) and July 2016 (three). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the body condition of banteng after reintroduction into the Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand based on photographs from camera-traps carried out between July 2016 and November 2018. Thus, understanding the responses of body condition of reintroduced banteng to their habitat was important for ensuring the sustainability of a reintroduction program. In many areas, banteng were extinct and needed to be reintroduced to restore their population. PeerJ 8: e9041 īanteng ( Bos javanicus d’Alton 1823) are an endangered species, highly sensitive to habitat structure and quality. ![]() Monitoring body condition score of reintroduced banteng ( Bos javanicus D’Alton, 1923) into Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Cite this article Kongsurakan P, Chaiyarat R, Nakbun S, Thongthip N, Anuracpreeda P. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. ![]() ![]() ![]() Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. 6 Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand DOI 10.7717/peerj.9041 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Stuart Pimm Subject Areas Conservation Biology, Ecology, Zoology, Natural Resource Management, Forestry Keywords Banteng, Camera trap, Reintroduction, Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary, Body condition score (BCS) Copyright © 2020 Kongsurakan et al. ![]()
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